Understanding the Key Tests and Procedures for Ovarian Cancer Diagnosis

Ovarian cancer often presents with subtle symptoms, making early diagnosis challenging. Detecting this disease early can significantly improve treatment outcomes. To identify ovarian cancer, doctors rely on a combination of tests and procedures that provide a clear picture of the ovaries' health. This article explains the main diagnostic tools used to detect ovarian cancer, helping patients understand what to expect during the process.

Pelvic Exam

A pelvic exam is usually the first step in diagnosing ovarian cancer. During this exam, the doctor inserts gloved fingers into the vagina while pressing on the abdomen with the other hand. This allows the doctor to feel the size, shape, and position of the ovaries and other pelvic organs. The doctor also visually inspects the external genitalia, vagina, and cervix for any abnormalities.

This exam helps detect unusual growths or masses but cannot confirm cancer on its own. It serves as an important screening tool that guides further testing.

Imaging Tests

Imaging tests provide detailed pictures of the ovaries and surrounding areas. Two common imaging methods are:

Ultrasound: This test uses sound waves to create images of the ovaries. It can show cysts, solid masses, or other irregularities. Ultrasound is non-invasive and often the first imaging test ordered.
CT Scan: A computed tomography (CT) scan offers cross-sectional images of the abdomen and pelvis. It helps determine the size, shape, and structure of ovarian masses and checks if cancer has spread beyond the ovaries.

These imaging tests help doctors decide whether a mass looks suspicious and if surgery or biopsy is needed.

Blood Tests

Blood tests play a supporting role in diagnosing ovarian cancer. They include:

Organ function tests: These assess overall health and how well organs like the liver and kidneys are working. This information is important before any treatment.
Tumor marker tests: One key marker is CA 125, a protein often found on ovarian cancer cells. Elevated CA 125 levels can suggest ovarian cancer but are not definitive since other conditions can also raise this marker.

Blood tests provide clues about the presence of cancer and help monitor treatment response once diagnosis is confirmed.

Surgery for Diagnosis

Sometimes, imaging and blood tests cannot confirm ovarian cancer. In these cases, surgery may be necessary to remove one or both ovaries or other suspicious tissue. The removed tissue is examined under a microscope to check for cancer cells.

Surgery not only confirms the diagnosis but also helps determine the extent of cancer spread. This information is crucial for planning treatment.

Genetic Testing

Genetic testing looks for inherited gene changes that increase the risk of ovarian cancer. Doctors may recommend this test if there is a family history of ovarian or related cancers.

Knowing about gene changes like BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations helps doctors tailor treatment and prevention strategies. It also allows family members to understand their own risk and consider testing.